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The term open source was first introduced by some free software hackers in 1998 to be a marketing term for "free software." They felt that some people unfamiliar with the free software movement -- namely, large corporations, who'd suddenly taken an interest in the more than ten years' worth of work that had been put into it -- might be scared by the word "free." They were concerned that decision-makers in these corporations might confuse free software with things like freeware, which is software provided free of charge, and in executable form only. (Free software means nothing of the sort, of course; the "free" in "free software" has always referred to freedom, not price.)
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was founded to promote software that conforms with their public "Open Source Definition," which was derived from the "Debian Free Software Guidelines" (DFSG), originally written by Bruce Perens as a set of software inclusion guidelines for Debian. All free software -- including software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License -- conforms with this definition.
But some free software advocates and organizations, including the GNU Project, do not endorse the term "open source" at all, believing that it obscures the importance of "freedom" in this movement.
Whether you call it free software, open source software, or something else, there is one fundamental difference between this kind of software and proprietary, non-free software -- and that is that free software always ensures that everyone is granted certain fundamental freedoms with respect to that software.
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was founded to promote software that conforms with their public "Open Source Definition," which was derived from the "Debian Free Software Guidelines" (DFSG), originally written by Bruce Perens as a set of software inclusion guidelines for Debian. All free software -- including software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License -- conforms with this definition.
But some free software advocates and organizations, including the GNU Project, do not endorse the term "open source" at all, believing that it obscures the importance of "freedom" in this movement.
Whether you call it free software, open source software, or something else, there is one fundamental difference between this kind of software and proprietary, non-free software -- and that is that free software always ensures that everyone is granted certain fundamental freedoms with respect to that software.
What's Linux?
In the early 1990s, Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds began hacking on Minix, a small, Unix-like operating system for personal computers then used in college operating systems courses. He decided to improve the main software component underlying Minix, called the kernel, by writing his own. (The kernel is the central component of any Unix-like operating system.)
In late 1991, Torvalds published the first version of this kernel on the Internet, calling it "Linux" (a play on both Minix and his own name).
When Torvalds published Linux, he used the copyleft software license published by the GNU Project, the GNU General Public License. Doing so made his software free to use, copy, and modify by anyone -- provided any copies or variations were kept equally free. Torvalds also invited contributions by other programmers, and these contributions came; slowly at first but, as the Internet grew, thousands of hackers and programmers from around the globe contributed to his free software project. The Linux software was immensely extended and improved so that the Linux-based system of today is a complete, modern operating system, which can be used by programmers and non-programmers alike.
In the early 1990s, Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds began hacking on Minix, a small, Unix-like operating system for personal computers then used in college operating systems courses. He decided to improve the main software component underlying Minix, called the kernel, by writing his own. (The kernel is the central component of any Unix-like operating system.)
In late 1991, Torvalds published the first version of this kernel on the Internet, calling it "Linux" (a play on both Minix and his own name).
When Torvalds published Linux, he used the copyleft software license published by the GNU Project, the GNU General Public License. Doing so made his software free to use, copy, and modify by anyone -- provided any copies or variations were kept equally free. Torvalds also invited contributions by other programmers, and these contributions came; slowly at first but, as the Internet grew, thousands of hackers and programmers from around the globe contributed to his free software project. The Linux software was immensely extended and improved so that the Linux-based system of today is a complete, modern operating system, which can be used by programmers and non-programmers alike.
What's Debian?
It takes more than individual software programs to make something that we can use on our computers -- someone has to put it all together. It takes time to assemble the pieces into a cohesive, usable collection, and test it all, and then keep up to date with the new developments of each piece of software (a small change in any one of which may introduce a new software dependency problem or conflict with the rest). A Linux distribution is such an assemblage. You can do it yourself, of course, and "roll your own" distribution -- since it's all free software, anyone can add to it or remove from it and call the resulting concoction their own. Most people, however, choose to leave the distribution business to the experts.
For the purposes of this book, I will assume that you are using the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, which, of all the major distributions, is the only one designed and assembled in the same manner that the Linux kernel and most other free software is written -- by individuals.
And when I say "Linux" anywhere in this book (including in the title), unless noted, I am not referring to the bare kernel itself, but to the entire working free software system as a whole. Some people call this "GNU/Linux."
There are many other distributions, and some of them are quite acceptable -- many users swear by Red Hat Linux, for example, which is certainly popular, and reportedly easy to install. The SuSE distribution is very well-received in Europe. So when people speak of Debian, Red Hat, SuSE, and the like in terms of Linux, they're talking about the specific distribution of Linux and related software, as assembled and repackaged by these companies or organizations. The core of the distributions are the same -- they're all the Linux kernel, the GNU Project software, and various other free software -- but each distribution has its own packaging schemes, defaults, and configuration methods. It is by no means wrong to install and use any of these other distributions, and every recipe in this book should work with all of them (with the exception of variations that are specific to Debian systems, and are labelled as such in the text).
In Debian's early days, it was referred to as the "hacker's distro," because it could be very difficult for a newbie to install and manage.
It takes more than individual software programs to make something that we can use on our computers -- someone has to put it all together. It takes time to assemble the pieces into a cohesive, usable collection, and test it all, and then keep up to date with the new developments of each piece of software (a small change in any one of which may introduce a new software dependency problem or conflict with the rest). A Linux distribution is such an assemblage. You can do it yourself, of course, and "roll your own" distribution -- since it's all free software, anyone can add to it or remove from it and call the resulting concoction their own. Most people, however, choose to leave the distribution business to the experts.
For the purposes of this book, I will assume that you are using the Debian GNU/Linux distribution, which, of all the major distributions, is the only one designed and assembled in the same manner that the Linux kernel and most other free software is written -- by individuals.
And when I say "Linux" anywhere in this book (including in the title), unless noted, I am not referring to the bare kernel itself, but to the entire working free software system as a whole. Some people call this "GNU/Linux."
There are many other distributions, and some of them are quite acceptable -- many users swear by Red Hat Linux, for example, which is certainly popular, and reportedly easy to install. The SuSE distribution is very well-received in Europe. So when people speak of Debian, Red Hat, SuSE, and the like in terms of Linux, they're talking about the specific distribution of Linux and related software, as assembled and repackaged by these companies or organizations. The core of the distributions are the same -- they're all the Linux kernel, the GNU Project software, and various other free software -- but each distribution has its own packaging schemes, defaults, and configuration methods. It is by no means wrong to install and use any of these other distributions, and every recipe in this book should work with all of them (with the exception of variations that are specific to Debian systems, and are labelled as such in the text).
In Debian's early days, it was referred to as the "hacker's distro," because it could be very difficult for a newbie to install and manage.
By Pete Login
Source: http://www.dsl.org/ (Access 23/05/2008)
ACTIVIDADES
1- ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
a) ¿Quién introdujo por 1ra vez el termino "open source"?
b) ¿Porqué?
c) ¿Porqué el Proyecto GNU no da crédito al término "open source"?
d) ¿Qué asegura el software libre?
e) ¿Qué es Minix?
f) ¿Cuál es el componente principal del sistema operativo parecido a Unix?
2- DIGA SI LAS SIGUIENTES AFIRMACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS. JUSTIFIQUE LAS FALSAS:
a) Torvalds utilizó la licencia del Proyecto GNU.
b) Los que ayudaron a Torvalds a crear Linux eran sólo piratas informáticos.
c) Linux es usado en la actualidad por cualquier persona.
d) El autor del artículo se refiere a Linux sólo al kernel.
e) Linux no tiene otra denominación en el mundo.
f) La distribución del paquete Linux es la misma pero cada distribución tiene sus propios esquemas de paquetes, defectos y métodos de configuración.
ACTIVIDADES
1- ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
a) ¿Quién introdujo por 1ra vez el termino "open source"?
b) ¿Porqué?
c) ¿Porqué el Proyecto GNU no da crédito al término "open source"?
d) ¿Qué asegura el software libre?
e) ¿Qué es Minix?
f) ¿Cuál es el componente principal del sistema operativo parecido a Unix?
2- DIGA SI LAS SIGUIENTES AFIRMACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS. JUSTIFIQUE LAS FALSAS:
a) Torvalds utilizó la licencia del Proyecto GNU.
b) Los que ayudaron a Torvalds a crear Linux eran sólo piratas informáticos.
c) Linux es usado en la actualidad por cualquier persona.
d) El autor del artículo se refiere a Linux sólo al kernel.
e) Linux no tiene otra denominación en el mundo.
f) La distribución del paquete Linux es la misma pero cada distribución tiene sus propios esquemas de paquetes, defectos y métodos de configuración.
